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First edition. 8vo, Later cloth library binding, 298 pages. Includes illustrations and portraits. 24 cm. In Hebrew. Title translates as, "On the Land of Bessarabia: Research, Memoirs, Lists, Documents, and Literature to Determine the Character of Its Jewry." Bessarabia is the "Historical name of the region between the Dniester and Prut Rivers and the lower reaches of the Danube. Today, most of Bessarabia is in the Republic of Moldova, with northern and southern districts in Ukraine. Before 1812 it was part of the Principality of Moldova and its southernmost district, Budzhak, was under direct Ottoman rule. Bessarabia was within the Russian Empire from 1812 to 1918, though from 1856 to 1878 Budzhak was under Romanian rule. Between 1918 and 1940 Bessarabia formed part of Romania; from 1940 to 1991 it was in the USSR. The earliest reference to Jews in Bessarabia dates from the fifteenth century. Polish rabbis of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries mentioned a rabbinic court functioning in Akkerman (Ukr., Belgorod-Dnestrovski; Rom., Cetatea Alba). In 1812, when the area came under Russian rule, some 20,000 Jews were living in Bessarabia. As the new region had autonomous status, restrictive tsarist legislation was not initially applied. At that time, 60 percent of Jews lived in towns and 40 percent in villages. They were engaged in commerce, inn keeping, distilling, and agriculture as well as in the leasing of flourmills, fisheries, and forests. Jews retained the civil rights they had had prior to Russian rule including residence in villages and leasing activities that were prohibited to Russian Jews under the "Jewish Statute" of 1804…. Jews began to stream into Bessarabia from the Ukrainian and Belorussian areas of the Pale of Settlement, attracted by more favorable economic prospects and relatively greater freedom. The Jewish population increased from 43,062 in 1836 to 228,620 (representing 11.8% of the population) in 1897. In that year, Jews constituted 43.2 percent of the population in towns and 7.2 percent in the villages. Antisemitic acts were common, as were periodic pogroms. Many Jews took up agriculture in the nineteenth century. Favorable climate, fertile earth, and a plentiful water supply were beneficial for its development. Between 1836 and 1853, Jews established 19 agricultural settlements in Bessarabia, among them Aleksandreni (1837), Briceva (1836), Capresti (1853), Dombroveni (1836), Lublin (1842), Marculesti (1837), Valea-lui-Vlad (1836), Vertujeni (1838), and Zguri?a (1851). In 1858 there were 10,858 Jewish farmers in Bessarabia, representing 12.5 percent of the Jewish population. However, after the introduction of the May Laws of 1882, which prohibited Jewish settlement in villages, most of the colonies were disbanded; in 1899, only six remained. By 1897, the percentage of Jews engaged in agriculture had fallen to 7.1 percent. Another 26.8 percent worked in industry and crafts, 39.5 percent in commerce, and 4.9 percent in services or liberal professions. Jews constituted 81.2 percent of all merchants and 95.8 percent of all grain dealers in the province. Hasidism began to spread in Bessarabia in the second decade of the nineteenth century. The first Hasidic court was founded by Aryeh-Leib Wertheim (d. 1854) in Bendery (Tighina). Another was established in Vad-Rashkov. Later, groups of followers of the tsadikim of the Friedman dynasty of Sadagora and of the Twersky family appeared. A yeshiva was opened in Kishinev in 1860, attended by 280 students. In 1898, a total of 60.9 percent of Jewish children were studying in heders. The ideas of the Haskalah were disseminated in Bessarabia from at least 1839, with the opening in Kishinev of one of the first Jewish secular schools in tsarist Russia. By 1855 there were six such schools: two in Kishinev, the others in Khotin, Beltsy (Bal?i), Brichany, and Izmail. In 1897, however, only 27.8 percent of local Jews over the age of 10 could read Russian. Zionist ideas starte. Codice articolo 43068
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