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A MAJOR CATALYST FOR THE RESEARCHES OF GALILEO. First edition of Tartaglia s Quesiti, second edition of the other two works. The Quesiti continues the discussion of ballistics in Tartaglia s Nova scientia (first published in 1537), pointing out for the first time that the trajectory of a projectile is curved throughout (in the Nova Scientia he argued that the path of a projectile consisted of rectilinear parts at the beginning and end of the trajectory, with a curved part between). The Quesiti is also famous for containing Tartaglia s solution of cubic equations, which until a few years earlier had been considered impossible; he had kept it secret since discovering it in 1535 (Cardano had published Tartaglia s solution in his Artis magnae (1545), without his permission.) Tartaglia (1499-1557) "reshaped the character of military discourse by identifying a new science of artillery and casting it as a mathematical discipline. As a mathematician he was first directed to military questions in 1531 or 1532 in Verona when he was consulted on the maximum range of cannon … Few European mathematicians of the 16th century had been as directly affected by war as Niccolò Tartaglia. In 1512, when still a boy, he received a facial wound during the sack of Brescia by the French. Left with a speech defect he adopted the nickname of Tartaglia ( stammerer ) to replace his original surname Fontana. If Tartaglia s very identity was marked by war, he in turn reshaped the character of military discourse by identifying a new science of artillery and casting it as a mathematical discipline … A measure of Tartaglia s importance for the study of artillery is that [his] account was still being paraphrased and parroted into the later 17th century" (Bennett & Johnston). "Tartaglia proved both mathematically and experimentally that the trajectory of a missile fired from a cannon was a curved line throughout, thus contradicting the impetus theory derived from Aristotle's Physics, which stated that a projectile s trajectory was described by two straight lines united by a curved line (Tartaglia was the first Renaissance scientist to point out serious flaws in the Physics). Tartaglia demonstrated that from the beginning of its flight, a projectile was affected by gravity, which, along with wind resistance, caused its forward velocity to lessen while increasing the speed of its fall. Tartaglia also observed a relationship between the speed of projection and the speed of fall: the greater the initial speed, the less the gravitational influence. Through experimentation, he determined that the maximum cannon range, at any given initial speed, was obtained with a firing elevation of forty-five degrees" (Norman 2053). The work by Biringuccio (1480-1539) is the second edition of the first book entirely dedicated to metallurgy. It "was written for the practicing metallurgist, foundryman, dyer, type-founder, glass-maker, and maker of gunpowder, fireworks and chemicals used in warfare" (Dibner, on the first edition, 1540). Provenance: Benedetto Sertori, doctor; Giovanni Battista da Filicaia, a citizen of Florence, early inscriptions on title-page; Thomas Francis Fremantle, armorial bookplate. Second edition of Tartaglia s first work, Nova scientia, the foundation of the new sciences and a major catalyst for the researches of Galileo. "The New Sciences stands at the threshold of a new age in the history of mechanics" (Printing and the Mind of Man). Tartaglia investigated problems of ballistics, fortification, surveying and engineering and sought to apply mathematical analysis to physical problems, free from the conceptual constraints of Aristotelianism and Scholasticism. "Tartaglia proved both mathematically and experimentally that the trajectory of a missile fired from a cannon was a curved line throughout, thus contradicting the impetus theory derived from Aristotle s Physics, which stated that a projectile s trajectory was described by two straight lines united. Codice articolo 4938
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